グローバルヘルスの実態を正確に描く（英語版のみ）

グローバルヘルスに関する事実は、とらえどころがありません。たとえそれらの事実が知られていても、健康上のアウトカムを改善するために使用されることはほとんどありません。そこで、この問題に対処するためには、何ができるでしょうか?

小児死亡率が相対的に高い国は、タイと南アフリカではどちらでしょうか?ポーランドと韓国ではどうでしょうか?スウェーデンのカロリンスカ研究所（Karolinksa Institute）の国際保健学の故Hans Rosling教授は、グローバルヘルスの実態を正確に描く試みの一環として、こうした質問のテストを学生に行いました。その結果、5組の国に対して学生が出した答えは、チンパンジーがランダムに選んだ答えよりもはるかに悪い結果でした。有名なTEDカンファレンスのトークでは、「彼らは半分は正解できたはず」として、グローバルヘルスの問題の認識に関する深刻な問題を丁寧に示したのです。皮肉なことに現実には、世界の人々とその健康状態について、我々は非常に重要な事実を知らないのです。

彼が2005年に創設した基金Gapminderを通して、Roslingは確固たる真実に基づく「Factfulness」と呼ぶ新しい考え方を切り開こうとしました。その時ようやく、ヘルスケアだけでなく、社会的支援や教育から手の届く効果的な保険まで、あらゆることについて、正しい人々に正しいコストで正しいリソースを提供できるのではないかと主張しました。

Shaping policy

But just how much difference does knowledge really make? In a 2013 interview with the Guardian, Rosling conceded that he had been surprised by how little impact he had made on public knowledge or behaviour, a trend echoed by many of the world’s leading authorities on health data. “The belief that providing facts alone will encourage people to do the right thing is immensely naïve,” says Desmond Chavasse, senior vice president and chief evidence officer at Population Services International (PSI), a non-profit organisation that aims to gather and share health data more effectively across developing countries.

Chavasse cites a 1995 World Health Organization (WHO) report on the impact of treated mosquito nets on malaria infections, which demonstrated that high levels of usage could lead to a 20 per cent decline in child mortality. Yet despite this very strong case made by a very powerful voice, there was no significant change in national policies or availability of funding until the start of the so-called malaria decade at the turn of the century. “Now we have high treated net usage and a 50 per cent reduction in malaria mortality, but at no point did anyone look in the mirror and ask why we’d lost those five years,” he says. “It took an awful lot of advocacy from people like Bono, Bill Gates and economists like Jeffrey Sachs who went way beyond the facts, which had been sitting there all that time.”

Data gaps

What hope, then, for health issues with a lower profile or less convincing data? “Generally you don’t have such good data in global health,” says Chavasse, a fact that he thinks is likely to have an even more deleterious effect on less well-publicised health trends.

One particular area of concern is data on global death rates, which clearly has an enormous impact on the understanding of everything from infectious disease to lifestyle risk factors. Death registration data is a valuable source of health information in the West, according to Colin Mathers, coordinator for mortality and burden of disease at the WHO, but he says such information is incomplete in many parts of the developing world and “almost totally lacking in Africa and many parts of Asia”.

Despite such challenges, many global health programmes have been extremely successful. The eradication of smallpox is perhaps the best-known example, and diseases such as polio and measles are now close on its heels. Although one consequence of such success is that life expectancy has increased significantly, leaving health services facing the challenge of caring for ageing populations. “We’ve been successful in reducing the burden of infectious disease,” says Mathers, “but now cardiovascular disease and cancer are gaining more prominence as people live longer. It doesn’t mean we’re failing – it means that priorities are shifting and there’s a need to focus on prevention.”

New possibilities

Technology, of course, is giving scientists and doctors powerful new tools for improving healthcare provision, often by sharing data. According to PSI’s Chavasse, about half of all healthcare in developing countries is delivered by private providers who are mostly unregulated and without government accreditation. His organisation has created a web-based app that assesses and improves over time the quality of health services delivered by the private providers and shares that information with national governments.

“By making this information available to ministries of health they get “a window” into the quality of service provision in the private sector,” says Chavasse. “This means they can see how good or bad it is, but perhaps most usefully they can then use the information to accredit the best providers so they can operate legally.”

Smartphones can also play a part in gathering data. The WHO has been involved in programmes to collect death registration data via smartphones from remote areas. “In some cases the village chief himself will phone the data in,” says Mathers. “But I don’t think there’s a magic bullet. You still need to invest in people, resources and infrastructure. Services aren’t going to suddenly appear on their own.”

Chavasse adds that smartphones are having an enormous impact on the ability to connect with patients and consumers who might be otherwise difficult to reach. PSI’s archetypal consumer – “we call her Sarah, although she could be anyone from a young mother to an injecting drug user or anyone else we are trying to reach” – is now directly contactable, giving practitioners fresh options for delivering healthcare. This includes alerting patients to the availability of new drugs or treatments, directing them to sexual-health clinics or providing advice on modern contraception, for example.

Overall, says Chavasse, data is helping us make progress towards longer, healthier lives – and, perhaps, towards Prof Rosling’s vision of a “Factful” world. The trick is to keep thinking ahead, instead of relying on old assumptions. “The primary metrics are all moving in the right direction, but if we show up with the same ideas and toolsets as we did yesterday we’re going nowhere,” he says. And facts are still right at the heart of the solution to many of our health problems. “Without data we’re all just shouting at each other,” he adds.

*The answer is South Africa and Poland, respectively.

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